Experiment 5, Preparation of Synthetic Banana Oil

September 30, 2012 Experiment 5, Preparation of Synthetic Banana Oil Introduction: This experiment prepares synthetic banana oil (isopentyl acetate) through the Fisher esterification method by combining isopentyl alcohol with acetic and sulfuric acid then heating the mixture under reflux for an hour. Esterification is a chemical reaction in which two reactants (an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product. Observations and Data: When the sulfuric acid was combined with the isopentyl alcohol and acetic acid, the mixture turned red (due to residue of another chemical remaining on glassware).During the wash of the organic layer, two distinct layers appeared, a yellow and a clear. The drying process took around 20 minutes through gravity filtration. The distillation process took around 15 to 20 minutes to begin boiling at 137? C and stay at 140? C for the remainder of distillation. After reaching optimum temperature distillation was complete within ten minutes. After the experiment was completed the final product was 97% ester, 3% alcohol. Compound| Percent Total| Isopentyl Acetate (Ester)| 97%|Isopentyl Alcohol (Alcohol)| 3%| Results and Discussion We began with 16. 2 mL of isopentyl alcohol and continued through the processes of reaction, separation, and purification until a final product was achieved. There were two peak areas appearing on the gas chromatogram, isopentyl alcohol and isopentyl acetate. The area of isopentyl alcohol (2) is 0. 255cm2 where the area of the isopentyl acetate (1) is 8. 4cm2. This results in the percentage of isopentyl alcohol (3) in the final product eing 3% and the percentage of isopentyl acetate (4) 97%. The percent yield (5)of isopentyl acetate is also 97%. 1 1 1. 1. 8. 4 cm2 isopentyl acetate 8. 4 cm2 isopentyl acetate = = 2 2 (2 cm x 8. 4 cm) (2 cm x 8. 4 cm) = = 2 2 1 1 2. 2. 0. 255 cm2 isopentyl alcohol 0. 255 cm2 isopentyl alcohol (1. 7 cm x 0. 3 cm) (1. 7 cm x 0. 3 cm) 0. 255 cm2 isopentyl alcohol 0. 255 cm2 isopentyl alcohol 3% isopentyl alcohol 3% isopentyl alcohol = = 8. 655 cm2 total 8. 655 cm2 total X X 100% 100% 3. 3. 8. 4 cm2 isopentyl acetate 8. cm2 isopentyl acetate 8. 655 cm2 total 8. 655 cm2 total = = 97% isopentyl acetate 97% isopentyl acetate X X 100% 100% 4. 4. .97 actual isopentyl acetate .97 actual isopentyl acetate = = 97% yield 97% yield 1. 0 theorhetical isopentyl acetate 1. 0 theorhetical isopentyl acetate X X 100% 100% 5. 5. The results are not ideal, because the mixture would be 100% isopentyl acetate rather than containing isopentyl alcohol. Errors could have occurred in the beginning when the initial solution turned red, due to improper glassware cleaning.Product could have been lost or improperly filtered during gravity filtration. During the transfer of product from many vials, there may have been contamination. In the drying process, enough time may not have elapsed for the entire drying to occur. Experimental Isopentyl alcohol (150mmol) was mixed with acetic acid (17mL) and sulfuric acid (1mL). The solution was then heated under reflux for one hour. The mixture was then transferred into a separatory funnel and washed with 50-mL of water, drained and rewashed twice with 5% sodium bicarbonate.The layers were separated into two containers, one containing the aqueous layers of acetic acid and sulfuric acid in water and one containing the organic layer of isopentyl acetate and isopentyl alcohol. The mixture was then dried with magnesium sulfate. After dry, distillation occurred at 140? C to remove isopentyl alcohol leaving a final product of only isopentyl acetate. Laboratory Notebook Reference The data from the experiment â€Å"Preparation of Synthetic Banana Oil† is located on pages six through nine in the laboratory notebook.

Boundryless Org Essay

1. Identify some of the problems likely to occur in a boundaryless organization like Newskool Grooves. What are the Advantages of boundaryless organizations? Some issues that have occurred at the Kiev offices, managers there said that their computer programmers find working with little structure is uncomfortable. They are used to the idea of a strong leadership structure and well-defined work processes. Trying to reach co-workers in other offices who practice boundaryless organization has become an issue for some managers. They said that when they call the office they say to wait until their meeting day which is an issue because they have an immediate issue and cannot always wait until they decide to get together. Developers working on hardware in different locations had a communication breakdown which required many hours of discussion to resolve which could have been avoided if they were all on the same track. The developers seldom met face to face and all made progress but all of them moved in different directions with the product development. An advantage of boundaryless organizations: Boundaryless organizations communicate mainly through email, phone and other virtual methods rather than more traditional face-to-face communication. The freedom to telecommute with international employees removes geographical barriers to productivity and allows for schedule flexibility. By organizing expert employees in groups and giving them decision-making authority, these companies can change quickly to meet needs and function efficiently in an ill-defined hierarchy. Employees no longer work in isolation but work as part of a team on broad, company-wide projects, quality management, just-in-time methods, lean production, and supply-chain management,† reports US Legal. To be successful, you should feel comfortable in a chaotic free-form workplace and have an ease of working with people to orchestrate the incredible amount of networking required. When employees manage and coordinate their own projects, it fosters a sense of pride in the ability to change and meet the demands of the situation fostering a strong work ethic. 2. Consider some of the cultural issues that will affect a company operating in such different parts of the world and whose employees may not be representative of the national cultures of each country. Are the conflicts you observe a function of the different types of work people have to perform? In this boundaryless company, headquarter in Berlin, Germany, structure outsourcing company in Kiev, Ukraine, marketing in Los Angeles, so many different employees with different cultures are all collaborate working together to achieve organizational goals. Employees are also very diverse in values, personality, and work preferences which are deep-level diversity. Some cultural issues that are sensitive will rise in the workplace and create unpleasant things among employees. Employees might not be working together well as they will have fighting in the decision making. A good research in understanding various biological characteristics like gender, race, ethnicity, age, or disability, will better the surface-level diversity. Almost all employees are creative and like to accept challenges. Therefore, in this similar personality and work preferences, they should be emphasized in working with others as a team. Training for team building with different cultures people will be quite important. Looking at the conflicts in Newskool, like the difficulties in decision-making and employees fighting to do what they perceive is better compare to the others. It takes time for the company to come with one decision as all of the employees can participate in decision making. People that are so diverse will suggest different solutions, reflecting their different cultures. Maybe it will be good to have a proper discussion in decision making, and only few managers can have the power in making decision in the discussion. It is not a function of different types of work people have to perform. As people from different areas or departments can contribute their opinions and ideas in the same work that require one decision. Another conflict will be inefficiency. Yes, different people must perform different tasks in their organization, but Newskool is boundaryless. When Gerd, the founder and the CEO does not satisfy, he asks his employees to redo the work tasks. It will cause a waste in resources as Gerd perceive something differently from his diverse employees. Sometimes, it is good to have hierarchy as people can know who to refer, which department to function and so on. This conflict is a function of different types of work people have to perform. The employees that are sometimes so dominant and think their works are correct, refuse to listen to Gerd and do things according to their own way. 3. Based on what you know about motivation and personality, what types of people are likely to be satisfied in each area of the company? Use concepts from job characteristics theory and the emerging social relationship perspective on work to describe what might need to change to increase employee satisfaction in all areas. Types of people are likely to be satisfied are competent, anxious, empowered and open people. This based on self efficacy theory; this theory refers to an individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing task. People who posses self efficiency believe that they are capable in behaving in a way that produce that outcome they want. In Newskool Groovers, their employees are participates in decision making and innovation, creative and competent people. Because technology plays a major role as a communication medium in the boundaryless organization, much work is done from a distance via e-mail, phone, and fax. Less work is done in traditional face-to-face settings. Virtual collaboration makes it easier to use the expertise of a broader range of individuals. With telecommuting, international employees are more easily made a part of all business processes. Employees often like the freedom that boundaryless work offers them, particularly with virtual teams and more flexible work plans, arrangements, and schedules. Due to that, employee in company satisfied with the area of the company. Characteristic employees in company are likely competent and strong team skills. Concept job characteristics theory a model that proposes that any job can be described in terms of five core dimension: skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback. Based on this theory, to ensure employee satisfaction in all area in Newskool Groovers are by creating and maintaining a common task and group climate to focus groups and teams on the tasks at hand and on overall strategies, focus is on how to move ideas, information, talent, and decisions where they are most necessary, increase individual skill to do a task, hence he or she is encouraged to do it, regardless of title or position, jobs are rewarded on the basis of doing the jobs, not for accomplishing the necessary work. Thus, personal accountability for the work is discouraged at the expense of accountability for the job. Boundary-less Organizations An organization has external boundaries that separate it from its suppliers and customers, and internal boundaries that provide demarcation to departments. This rigidity is removed in boundary less organizations, where the goal is to develop greater flexibility and responsiveness to change and to facilitate the free exchange of information and ideas. It is made up of self-managing and cross-functional teams that are organized around core business processes. The teams include employees from different functional areas as well as customers and suppliers. Advantages Boundary less organization is able to achieve greater integration and coordination. They are able to adapt to environmental changes. Disadvantages However, it can be difficult to overcome political and authority boundaries. It can be time consuming to manage the democratic process to coordinate the efforts of many stakeholders. Companies are moving toward network structures, a group of organizations which coordinate activities via contracts, not a hierarchy. Companies are using outsourcing, transferring activities to outside organizations such as suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors. Network structures are becoming complex. Nike keeps R&D in-house but outsources other functions to companies around the world. Advantages of Network Structures 1.Production costs reduced through partners with lower costs 2.High bureaucratic costs avoided with a flat structure 3.Organic organizational behavior 4.Partners replaced for unmet performance expectations 5.Access to low-cost foreign sources of inputs and expertise Disadvantages of Network Structures 1.Coordination problems emerge, followed by lack of cost reduction and improved quality 2.Difficulty in replacing partners and keeping proprietary information from competitors 3.Difficulty in obtaining ongoing learning to build core competences The Boundaryless Organization The boundaryless organization connects people by computers, faxes, video teleconferencing, and computer-aided design systems. Functional experts join an organization to meet a contract and then go to another project, but unlike members of a matrix structure, they are not part of the organization. Outsourcing offers increased flexibility and reduced costs. Designing an organizational structure is an increasingly complex management activity.

Toyota Motor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Toyota Motor - Essay Example As per the figures available, TMEM had complied with its market demands in 2000 by importing 76 % of the automobile spares from the Japanese plants and assembling them in its European plants. For the next fiscal year, the company reported operating losses of JPY 9.897 billions. The main problem TMEM faced here was simple but peculiar. As the euro was continuously trekking down, except for a few occasions, the revenues in shape of euros did not equal to the expenditure figures when converted into JPY. This cycle repeated all over for three years since the inception of TMEM pushing itself into losses. In addition to these conversion losses, the Japanese subsidiary had to contend with reduced margins on sales in an atmosphere abetted by cut throat competition from the native automobile manufacturers compounding its problems further. as it had to shell down more Euro currency at times towards pound sterling payments made to the UK plant which also supplied automobiles after assembling them. TMEM was caught in this vicious circle of currency conversion. The parent company played the role of an observer as it could not afford to make payments direct from its coffers on behalf of its subsidiary. However, in such a case, it could have been forced to lose more JPY reserves as the yen was playing low against the pound sterling. From this circle of operations, one thing is emerging clearly. The parent company had miscalculated the future of euro and expected an early forward march of its value in international markets. It also expected an early entry of the UK into the European Monetary Union (EMU). These two miscalculations had boomeranged on its operations in Europe leading to its ever increasing dependence on a weak euro. TMEM's problem has therefore been the result of a wrong analysis on the future of the newly cre ated euro currency. The following charts (Internet, graphs) show how the pound and yen values against the euro picked up from 1991 to 2001. In the beginning of 1991, the euro value was equal to 0. 712825 GBP. During the end of 2001, it equalled to 0.618756 GBP indicating gains for the pound.

The effect of Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The effect of Globalization - Essay Example The effect of Globalization One of the obvious aspects of global concern that has been profoundly affected by globalization is citizenship; with global interrelationships, it is becoming increasingly hard for nations to maintain their sovereignty in the global system, and  eventually  national citizenship is lost. Nations in the global system are obliged to systems and decisions of mutual interest, and to a certain level, security and wellbeing of the citizenry is never assured. National citizenship is thus affected and determined by external conditions in the global system, and in this regard, entitlements of  national  citizenship  are lost. National citizenship is crucial in the sense that it assures individuals belongingness, a surety that they are protected by their countries in exchange for loyalty to them. In this respect, the state is obliged to secure the rights of their citizenry within their borders, and the citizens have a responsibility to their countries. However, with the rise of global ization, national citizenship is destabilized due to movement towards integration and interconnectedness of nations on an international level. The role of globalization in undermining the citizenship of individuals can be regarded clearly from a socio-economic perspective; the global economic system presents tough conditions of trade that lead to stiff completion between nations. Economic decisions and measures are taken at a global level, and individual nations have no control on the laws governing trade and exchange in the global markets. In this regard, the states cannot protect their citizens against liabilities and risks of losses in the global economy.3 Citizens are on their own in the global markets, and their economic prospective is determined by global forces of trade, with little intervention from the individual’s countries. Largely, domestic economic policies are derived from the global market conditions, and this undermines national sovereignty and national citize nship accordingly. Countries are eventually forced to sacrifice their social-economic goals in favor of global ones, and to this effect, the preference for effective ways of production such as cheap labor directly affects the well fair of citizenship. For instance, in the case of outsourcing for labor, the countries have no power to ensure employment to the citizenry, thus leading to loss of jobs to foreigners and unemployment.4 With the ease of movement and interaction of people and businesses across boundaries, there is an obvious loss of cultural uniformity. Nationhood can no longer be defined in the global system as cultures are easily diffused and  eventually  abandoned all together with a preference for more superior ones. In this respect, globalization undermines the cultural uniformity of individual nations as global norms and ideals override the national ones. There is a move towards the establishment of universal citizenship, one that is one, which by cultural barriers and boarders; this means that national identities are dismantled and lost all together. Citizens can no longer identify with national values and ideals, and in this

Life Insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Life Insurance - Essay Example The amount that one receives upon the event of death is pre-fixed as it is the sum assured of the life insurance policy. To get the benefit of the life insurance scheme, the policy holder (generally the assured) has to pay certain sum to the insuring company, known as premium. Traditionally, the life insurance policies used to be of two main types namely term policy and endowment policy but now at the face of the increased competition, leading insurers have come up with more customised policies (like retirement pans, children education plans, investment plans, etc) to benefit the insured. While deciding the amount of sum assured, a person should keep several factors in mind. Firstly, he should calculate the amount that would be required by his heirs or the family to maintain the same standard of living that they presently have. Also, the payment of premium of life insurance helps in savings of one’s tax. But again, the sum assured and the sum of premium also depend on the age of the insured, place where they live among other factors. If the person (assuming he is the primary bread-earner) is around 35 years of age, a sum assured of US $ 100,000 would suffice the need. The husband can take such policy which can even act as his retirement planning. But again, the amount of sum assured would depend on the income that the person earns. The policy upon the lady of the family can bear the sum assured of at least US $ 75,000 (assuming her age to be above 30 and below 35). The child if aged around 8-10 can also have a policy. The policy of the child should be basicall y for the educational purposes and in addition of covering the life, the policy should get matured in such time, which would cater to the expenses of higher education for the child. It can also be in the range of US $ 100,000. It can be assessed from the above

Latino Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Latino Studies - Essay Example Keeping in mind of the extensive and porous border that the United States shares with Mexico, many people in the United States worried that, the violence in Mexico could extend to their country. Furthermore, Mexico, being the second biggest state in Latin America, it constitutes the largest portion of the total number of immigrants into the United States. Therefore, at first, the matter of child immigration in the eyes of the people was a Mexican issue (BBC 3). However, child migration from Honduras as well as from the other Central American nations has become a great matter of concern as the then small problem grew steadily to become a critical humanitarian condition according to President Barrack Obama. Soon after, all the discussions regarding immigration in the United States turned on to child migration into the U.S-Mexico border. The matter prompted president Obama to request for additional funds from the members of Congress to help mitigate the problem (BBC 5). There is a lot of controversy regarding the exact reasons that led to this rapid increase in child migration who mostly come from Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala. Some people in Central America hold the false belief that children who make their way to the United States enjoy great autonomy in their lives. Many president Barrack Obama critics indict him for escalating the problem through his careless enforcement of the immigration laws of the United States (Hing para.5). Different leaders and influential people in the United States started expressing their opinions on the best ways of solving the problem. Hillary Clinton asked the Obama government to clearly, inform the Central American people that migrants of all age including children will have their way back to their respective countries. Biden, the vice president, with instructions from the government went to Guatemala to meet the Central American leaders and pass the message. With this step,

Ancient Egypt Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ancient Egypt - Annotated Bibliography Example Being a professor at American University in Cairo, having published many works, and studied at Bryn Mawr College for Bachelor in Egyptology and Archeology, University of Cambridge for her Masters and PHD in Egyptology and Museum studies make her a credible expert on this topic. There are no scholarly sources cited in the article but the author makes an allusion of scholars work stating â€Å"scholars believe the valley had from about I million to 4 million people† (â€Å"Ancient Egypt, Par. 5). The author’s thesis in the article is that Ancient Egypt was the â€Å"birthplace of one of the world’s first civilizations (â€Å"Ancient Egypt, Par. 5†). The author believes that one of the world’s first civilizations began 5,000 years ago along   the River Nile and lasted for over 2,000 years making it the longest lasting civilization ever. The author uses three main points as a measure of backing up her thesis on Ancient Egypt being the earliest civilizations in history. These three points are â€Å"Ancient Egypt created the worlds first national government, basic forms of arithmetic and a 365-day calendar† (â€Å"Ancient Egypt, Par. 2†). To back the above main points the author uses other illustrations to strengthen the thesis including the creation of a form of picture writing known as hieroglyphics, invention papyrus a writing material, development of religion on life after death, and the building of great cities from which arose skilled doctors, architects, painters, sculptors, doctors, and engineers. The author uses the main points to strengthen the thesis through writing on the history and life of Ancient Egypt. The author writes about   the start of civilization when King Menes United Lower and Upper Egypt around 3100 B.C. forming the world’s first government. King Menes also made Memphis, present day Cairo, as the capital of Egypt depict the earliest national government backing the main thesis in the article. The author uses the

How can I be effective in an Human Resource Business Partner role Assignment

How can I be effective in an Human Resource Business Partner role - Assignment Example strategy is to create a connection between HR and the performance of the firms through such that the value added by the HR team can be measured in more or less the same way sales and accounting departments as are evaluated (Ulrich, 2013). The objective of this report is to come up with ways through which I can contribute to the business strategies of CSIRO, from an HR perspective. To this end, I will be expected to outline the requirements for the facilitation of human resource strategies that provide for delivery of quality advice assistance and coaching of the staff at the business unit as well as leading a team of HR partners in assisting the firm and business units achieve their objective. CSIRO is the commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisations; it is the Australia’s equivalent of NSA and among the biggest and most diversified study organizations in the world. It is divided into 13 sections and they all work in harmony among each other and with leading research bodies around the world, the body is globally recognized for its expertise in research. A major challenge that faces the HR department in CSIRO and indeed most organisations is the task or determining the driving force behind the effectiveness of the firm. According to an analysis by CLC, analyzing different HR structures lead to the conclusion that irrespective of the organization’s model in play the HRBP has been consistently found to explain the variations in HR when it comes to line support effectiveness. In this context, Human Resource Business Partners work with the managers within the businesses and in some cases they are referred to as HR generalists. CLC found that even with exceptionally good professionals in their field of expertise any organization who’s HRBP are not effective will be unlikely to build effective partnerships within the line. One of the main fundamental premises on which the push for a more integrated Human resource practice is based on the

Individuals and Their Discoveries Are Not Enough to Bring Medical Progress Essay Example for Free

Individuals and Their Discoveries Are Not Enough to Bring Medical Progress Essay Individuals and their discoveries are not enough on their own to bring medical progress. Explain how far this statement applies to Jenner and his work. Jenner’s discovery of the link between cowpox and smallpox was significant to the development of a vaccine for smallpox. However, it can be argued that Jenner and his discovery were not enough on their own to bring medical progress. The factors Scientific thinking, Government Communication and Changing attitudes played a major and important role to bring medical progress. One reason as to why the statement applies to Jenner and his work is because the Government worked in Jenners favour to bring medical progress. In 1802 and 1807, Parliament gave Edward Jenner  £30,000 to develop his work on vaccination. This clearly indicates that without the help of Parliament, Jenner’s work would not have shown as much signs of advancement; hence he would not have had the money to progress. In addition to this, fifty years later vaccination was made compulsory in Britain which led a dramatic drop in smallpox cases. This evidently shows that without the help of the Government, Jenner’s work would not have been as widely spread and used by the people as much; therefore the government did play a significant role his Edward Jenner’s development of Vaccinations. A different explanation as to why the statement is relevant to Jenner and his work is because of the communication. This factor is seen to have an impact on the medical progress of Jenner, is because without the spread of Jenner’s discoveries, people would not be aware of vaccinations. In 1798, Jenner published his own accounts of his discover, spreading the details of his methods worldwide. Consequently, that people could see his work but scientists in particular were able to see his work and they could learn from his work. This is evidence that by spreading his work worldwide, it brought medical progress; it was not just Edward Jenner alone brought medical progress to the development of a vaccine for smallpox. A different factor as to why the statement applies to Jenner and his work is because of the changing attitudes. Due to many people who had begun to think in a more scientific way, this meant that they were more open into accepting Jenner’s theory for Vaccinations. This implies that if people’s attitudes were similar to people who had supernatural beliefs, they would not have accepted the theory, therefore without the changing attitudes, Jenner’s work would not have caused a huge medical progression. Another reason which explains how the statement is relevant to Jenner and his work is because of the scientific thinking. Edward Jenner was able to use scientific method and experimentation in his research which is a clear indication his work can be considered trustworthy and it is likely to be accurate. Jenner also tested out his theory on a small boy which proved his theory to be correct but also on twenty-three other people. This shows that without the scientific methods and experiments, Jenner would not have reached the conclusion that his hypothesis was correct; therefore this is evidence for medical progress. Jenner’s scientific thinking is a key factor because without it, scientists would not have been able to see his work. Also his work would not have been as widely spread; people would not trust his work if it hadn’t been tested accurately, therefore people would not use his work. Another explanation as to why the statement applies to Jenner and his work is because of the individuals. Jenner himself had the insight to realise the link between cowpox and smallpox was important. If Jenner was not a determined individual and did not carry and publish his research, the theory of vaccination would most likely not exist today. Jenner had carried on, despite opposition and criticism which indicates with Jenner’s determination, he brought medical progress. In addition to this, Jenner also tested his theory of vaccination on twenty three people, including his six month old baby which shows he is a very dedicated individual. To conclude, there are many factors to support this statement: Government, Communication, Changing attitudes and Scientific thinking all bring medical progress, alongside the individuals and their discoveries. However, Scientific thinking caused the biggest impact on the medical progress because without whilst his methods and experiments, people would not trust his work, therefore people would not use his work.

Evolution of Management Essay Example for Free

Evolution of Management Essay From the Biblical times we find monarchies of the time use some form of management to lord over the great kingdoms such as the Egyptians who used hierarchy management to build the pyramids, Moses leading the Israelites through the desert to the promised land and King David when he was in charge of the kingdom of Israel. In Ancient civilizations, the Roman Empire made use of devolved government to manage the vast empires resources. This was done through governors’ who were in charge of certain areas as we see in the bible during the birth of Jesus Christ. We can find artifacts that in old cities such as Jerusalem where we find aqueducts that give us an idea of how they managed the water resources. Modernization of the world led to cities and towns that brought about the need to manage the resources in order to provide services to the people living within them. We also find management in the church and military before the industrial revolution. The Roman Catholic Church is one example that has had an impact on management as we see in the catholic hierarchy led by the pope and includes cardinals, patriarchs, and bishops. The Military has greatly influenced management through power vested in positions in the chain of command. Management continued to evolve and we find individuals in history who have made contributions to the art of management as we know it; Luka Pacioli was an Italian mathematician considered the father of accounting. He invented the double entry accounting system. Adam Smith was a political economist whose concepts on economics at the beginning of the industrial revolution contributed greatly to management today. Robert Owens, Charles Babbage, Henry Vernum Poor and Henry Robinson Towne are other individuals who were influential to management in this era. With the onset of the industrial revolution, new ways of management came into play as new generations looked to increase productivity of organizations. Classical Era Scientific Management Scientific management was pioneered by Frederick W. Taylor a mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. He saw the need to have management design jobs properly and provide incentives to motivate workers to achieve higher productivity. His ideology was to find the best practice, decompose the task into its constituent elements and get rid of things that do not add value. Taylor’s scientific management gave way to specialization and is considered the basis to many other management systems that came after. Taylor was supported in this new way of management by Henry Gantt who is accredited with the Gantt chart that is widely used for project management. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were also early advocates of the scientific management system. Through the motion study, Frank sought to make the processes more efficient by reducing the motions while Lillian’s interest was on the human aspect of work. The human aspect of the scientific management principles seek to understand the workers personality and needs. Administrative Management Henri Fayol, was a French engineer and manager of the mines developed the administrative theory of management. He viewed management as an activity common to all human undertakings. He is credited to giving us the first comprehensive functions of management; 1.Planning  2.Organizing 3.Command/Direct 4.Coordinate 5.Control He urged that management was an all encompassing activity that should be taught in schools, colleges and universities. This approach proposed that management is a skill which can be acquired if its principles are understood and rejected the idea that â€Å"managers are born, not made†. Bureaucratic Management A German Sociologist, Max Weber’s approach to management was by focusing on the organizational structure. His views divided organizations into hierarchies with clear lines of authority and control, divided labor such that authority and responsibility are clearly defined and legitimized, organizational officials are appointed and not elected, organization members are selected on the basis of their technical qualification obtained through formal education and training. Organizations are to treat all employees and customers equally and not be influenced by differences. Weber’s principles on organizing can create stable, organized and systematic organizations but make it difficult for the organization to adapt to changing environments and new challenges. Neo-Classical Era Operations Management (Research) Operations management, also known as quantitative management, gives a quantitative basis for decision making. It is characterised by the search for the optimal answer to a problem by using quantitative models. It specially deals with the development of mathematical models to aid in decision making and problem solving. This theory holds that managing is a logical and rationale process, so it can be expressed in terms of mathematical models.

A Current National Health Policy Social Work Essay

A Current National Health Policy Social Work Essay Policies are relevant and essential as they allow health professionals whether employer or employee, to work within their remit and understand their responsibilities to their clients, patients and their colleagues (Baggott, 2007). Walt and Gibson (1994) identified that health policies are made through complex association of actors, processes and content. The health policy triangle was introduced by Walt and Gibson (1994) as an approach of methodically discerning the various factors that can affect or generate a health policy. Policy actors pertain to governments or individuals who can affect the policy, such as pressure groups and politicians (Walt and Gibson, 1994, cited in Buse et al, 2005). Policy process relates to the formulation or implementation of the policy and how it is communicated to the public or society (Walt and Gibson, 1994, cited in Buse et al, 2005). Policy content refers to material or substance within a policy which describes the issue or topic covered, such as so cial or political which may refer to national or local areas (Walt and Gibson, 1994. cited in Buse et al, 2005). This essay will scrutinise and critique a health policy. It will demonstrate the development of a policy and critique the beneficial worth, stating whether the health policy is achieving the objectives for its initial implementation. It will similarly evaluate and assess the policy content and determine the benefit of this particular health policy within my nursing practice. Furthermore argue whether the health policy has strengths to enhance my practice or weaknesses which may hinder application to my role as a school nurse. The Department of Health were the policy actors who published the National Service Framework for Children, Young people and Maternity services in 2004. This policy was instrumental in enabling health professionals to look at childrens services in a different manner and address the whole child rather than the childs illness or problem they may have; and instead look at techniques to prevent the problem from initially occurring (DH, 2004). The national service framework for children, young people and maternity services (2004) brought to the attention of policy makers the necessity of action focusing on childrens services, which lead to more policies and strategies being formulated (Baggott, 2007). One of them being Healthy lives, brighter futures. The strategy for children and young peoples health (2009), which states that all children and young people should grow up healthy with specific attention directed to the vulnerable; which includes looked after children and children in low inc ome families. Healthy lives, brighter futures. The strategy for children and young peoples health was published in 2009, jointly by the Department of Health and the Department for Children, Schools and Families. This strategy was the Labour Governments plan to improve children and young peoples health and wellbeing (Department of Health and the Department for Children, Schools and Families, 2009). (DH and DCSF, 2009). The Labour governments aim through this Strategy was for children and young people to have more opportunities by using more easily accessible services, which would benefit them and diminish health inequalities leading to less strain on the countrys financial resources (DH and DCSF, 2009). Healthy lives, brighter futures. The strategy for children and young peoples health (the Strategy) (2009) was the primary approach targeting all health professionals and childrens services, which preceded the Healthy Child Programme: From 5-19 years old policy; in addition was introduced later the same year together by the Department of Health and the Department for Children, Schools and Families. To achieve the goals set out in the Strategy which targeted health professionals in the community, hospitals and commissioners highlighting the importance of their part in reducing health inequalities (DH and DCSF, 2009). Child poverty is on a decline but in the United Kingdom (UK) one in four children are growing up in poverty (Department for Work and Pensions, 2009). Young people and children living in poverty additionally use and rely on more frequently, emergency services which can add unnecessary strain to health services (Centre for Excellence and Outcomes in Children and Young People s Services, 2010). Health inequalities are still present, and policy actors such as the British Youth Council were there to add their voice to the areas, and problems which they felt still needs addressing for the young people of the UK (British Youth Council, 2012). The section of the Strategy (DH and DCSF, 2009), which will be discussed/critiqued in great depth will be section five, titled Young People. I work with young people and can look at the strengths and weaknesses of the Strategy; and this area was also chosen as young people sometimes feel that their concerns are dismissed and their opinions are undervalued (British Youth Council, 2012). Adolescence is seen as a vital stage where young people are leaving behind their childhood and stepping forward into adulthood; where they are gaining more independence and in some cases looking after their own health for the first time, rather than depending on their parents or carers (DH and DCSF, 2009). The Strategies established are directed to providing health services for young people which targets their health as well as their psychological wellbeing (DH and DCSF, 2009). Through this transitional period adolescents are developing neurologically, physically, emotionally in addition to psychologically (Moshman, 1999). While young people are testing the boundaries though they are gaining more independence, young people are more likely to listen and seek advice from their peers rather than adults (Moshman, 1999). In our locality to make school nursing services more accessible to teenagers we provide a drop in clinic, where teenagers can come and discuss health issues or concerns t hey may have on their own or with a friend. The Strategy has recommended that health services adopt a more young people friendly service (DH and DCSF, 2009). Youre Welcome Quality criteria for young people friendly health service published by the Department of Health, Children and Young People (DH and CYP, 2011). This policy was one of the follow on programmes to the Strategy which gave more in depth recommendations, for providing additional user friendly health services for young people and training for staff to have a more user friendly approach. A project directed by Randall and Hill (2012), noted that young patients wanted their nurses to be friendly; but still give them their privacy and dignity without drawing unnecessary attention (Randall and Hill, 2012). Youth workers based in the community can break through barriers as they are mainly adult workers that can relate to young people as they may work with them daily, when young people attend youth groups or centres (Hilton and Jepson, 2012). Young people attending hospital appointments or in hospital can feel isolated, have low self-confidence or lose their individuality (Hilton and Jepson, 2012). Presently school nurses only work with young people mainly if they have health conditions, to promote health or have Child protection plans. If there were more resources available, in this case time, school nurses could work with youth workers to help distil fears in young people, in regards to being admitted onto a hospital ward or learning to live with a long-term health conditions. This would empower young people to have additional confidence in health workers, and enable them to feel undaunted about their transition into the adult world (Young, 2006). Policy makers understand and recognise the importance of young peoples psychological wellbeing and mental health which is addressed (DH and DCSF, 2009). The issue to provide a service to tackle and deliver support for young peoples mental health is challenging, as insufficient funds is available to deal with this one particular area on its own (Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, 2012). This is evident by my employment Council that provides an integrated child support service, which entails education psychology and education welfare, early intervention and behaviour (Southwark Council, 2012). If the child has a more serious emotional or mental health problem that cannot be dealt with by the integrated child support service, the child would be referred to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, generally referred to as CAMHS (Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, 2012). My employment Trust has CAMHS which provides mental health care for four Trusts and also a national and specialist team (Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, 2012). Usually a referral to CAMHS can take from four to eight weeks before the child or young person would be given an appointment (Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, 2012). This reveals how necessary and important the service which is provided by CAMHS is needed and required, but demonstrates the challenge to respond to the high demand of referrals in a sufficiently and effectively appropriate amount of time (Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, 2012). CAMHS has a policy of if the child or young person misses their appointment due to any other reason than ill health, they will be put back onto the waiting list. The Strategy recommends that young people should have more access to information regarding sexual health (DH and DCSF, 2009). Teenagers are known for trying unsafe behaviours whether it is sexually or experimenting with drugs or alcohol (DH and DCSF, 2009). Teenagers can access health services if they are still in school or may want to discuss things away from their usual environment by attending sexual health clinics (DH and DCSF, 2009). In my school nursing locality young people are offered a drop in service where they can discuss personal issues; presently the service is only offered once a month due to lack of school nurses to run the drop in clinic. Southwark has the eighth highest rate of long term unemployment in England and Wales (Office for National Statistics, 2010). Southwark has 10% more deprived districts than the rest of England, in terms of income deprivation which affects children living in the borough (Southwark PCT, 2011). Priority is made to safeguarding children which is paramount, and as there are quite a few cases of children in Southwark who have child protection plans (Southwark Council, 2012). Health of children in Southwark is generally worse than the average in England (Association of Public Health Authorities, 2010). Promoting healthy eating can be challenging, when low income families are trying to provide a healthy meal for their family at a time when they are on a fixed income (Livingstone, 2007). The Strategy recognises that young people are adept at using the internet, and other forms of modern technology to gain access to information (DH and DCSF, 2009). Young people 16 years and above can open a Health Space account, where they can keep their current health records and have more control over their health information (DH and DCSF, 2009). Health space also gives young people guidance on healthy eating and information on different types of illnesses; and where teenagers can go to get necessary support if required (Health Space, 2012). As part of the recommendations our school nursing service uses mobile phones to text young people to remind them of upcoming appointments. The policy Youre Welcome Quality criteria for young people friendly health services, identified that young people preferred to receive a text message rather than an appointment letter and to be given the option of attending their appointment with or without their parents (DH and CYP, 2011). An effective approach mentioned by the Strategy is for health to be promoted through advertising. This can be through television or radio commercials and also through posters in prominent areas and campaigns (DH and DCSF, 2009). A campaign which referred to excess drinking was called Know your limits encouraging young people not to get drunk as they are not in control of their faculties and emphasised the dangers of being drunk; such as getting alcohol poisoning to having unprotected sex (DH and DCSF, 2009). The Know your limits campaign ran from June to September 2009, which included advertising on television, radio and on the internet (Community Justice Portal, 2009). A survey conducted after the campaign revealed that young people did take notice of the anti-binge drinking campaign (Community Justice Portal, 2009). While 67% of young people said they would think more when out drinking with their friends, but none of the young people said that they would reduce the amount of alcohol they would consume (Community Justice Portal, 2009). This brings into question whether the campaign was effective, and whether another form of advertising would have been beneficial, productive and less costly. Teenage pregnancy rates are decreasing and currently are at the lowest they have been for the last forty years (Office for National Statistics, 2010). In Western Europe England still has the highest rate of teenage pregnancy, with the majority of the pregnancies unplanned and half of them legally aborted (Swann et al, 2003). The Teenage Pregnancy Strategy launched in 1999, set out guidelines to reduce the amount of teen pregnancies in the UK (DCYPF and PH, 1999). The Strategy made clear and productive follow on guidelines to the Teenage Pregnancy Strategy, which involved methods and approaches on how to reduce teenage pregnancies and campaigns to promote effectual contraceptive techniques (DH and DCSF, 2009). Young people aged between 16 years to 24 years old still has the highest amount of reported sexually transmitted infections (DH and DCSF, 2009). The Strategy has made clear procedures and techniques on how to decrease teenage pregnancy by gleaning evidence based information from countries such as America; where they have had an 86% reduction in their teenage pregnancy rate which they say was due to better quality use of contraceptives (DH and DCSF, 2009). Sex and relationship education is taught in schools by school nurses or by school teachers, but we are limited in some independent and religious schools by what we can teach the children. This would hinder and impede upon school nurses following the guidelines which the Strategy would like us to follow, as in some schools we have to negotiate with the head teachers what they will allow us to teach the pupils. For instance, in Catholic secondary schools if the pupils are taught sex and relationship education, it is limited to purity, abstinence and waiting till the students are married before having a sexual relationship (Catholic Education, 2012). Childhood obesity is defined as weight gained to a significant amount which can affect the childs health (Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2003). The Strategy tried to put in place guidelines to help combat obesity in young people, but the government admitted that they were struggling to find effective ways to tackle the obesity in young people (DH and DCSF, 2009). The Strategy was not precise or adequate with beneficial and practical guidelines to encourage healthy eating in young people (DH and DCSF, 2009). Campaigns such as Change 4 Life were introduced in the same year as the Strategy, with the goal of targeting the whole family into eating healthier and exercising, and nothing directed just for young people (DH, 2009). The Change 4 Life was effective to a certain extent, as it gave school nurses a worthwhile tool to go into schools and work with young children. Posters and leaflets were given to schools to promote the Change 4 life campaign; but as for teenagers they found it unrelatable. In addition to the Olympics being held in London, the follow on campaign is Games 4 life (DH, 2011). This was designed at encouraging families to take an active part in the games instead of just watching it all on the television set in their homes (DH, 2011). Games 4 life misses out on the opportunity of targeting young people to get them involved with the Olympics where they could have schools competing against each other. Our experts are examining the Governments NHS reforms in detail and highlighting aspects of the legislation that merit greater scrutiny Right Hon Stephen Dorrell MP, Health Select Committee (2011). IMPACT The announcement of the NHS reforms by the current Government will have a thought-provoking impact on patients care and the roles which health professionals presently hold. For instance, additional audits will be put in place and this can be questioned about the effectiveness of these audits, as it may perhaps mean more time being spent on completing these audits which would mean less time focusing on service users (Ham et al, 2011). An adverse effect from the NHS reforms was the abolishment of the student education maintenance allowance scheme. (EMA) Young people in low income families relied on the EMA for funds for their books, and in some cases their travel expenses to college (British Youth Council, 2012). The distribution of the EMA bursary is now controlled by schools, training providers and colleges; young people feel that it is biased as they see it as another way for the Government to control their education when the young people should be making more decisions for themselves (British Youth Council, 2012). The NHS reforms will give 80% of the health budget to general practitioners to control and decide where they think health financial resources should be spent (DH, 2011). CONCLUSION The Strategy has a positive and negative influence on my practice as a school nurse. There are a number of areas for improvement which has been highlighted, such as promoting healthy eating in schools. This could happen by working more closely with school teachers but there would also need to have more resources put in place. These resources requires having a bigger budget to hire more school nurses, and also more funds to target young people to demonstrate to them, that they are not an age group which society undervalues and fails to appreciate as noted by the British Youth Council (British Youth Council, 2012). By means of additional resources, an increase in the amount school nurses could be hired and we would be able to offer a more effective service to young people and their families. The Strategy recommended various ways of promoting sex and relationship education which is working, as records demonstrate the decreasing levels of teenage pregnancies and abortions for forty years (Office for National Statistics, 2010). This is advantageous as with the reduction of teen pregnancies the Government as one of the main policy makers, can implement more policies which should continue to highlight the needs of young people to help reduce health inequalities and promote their health and wellbeing (DH and DCSF, 2009). Young people attend and are admitted to hospitals all the time. The Strategy did not give enough information on how young people would be supported if they had to attend or be admitted to hospital; this could hinder my practice as not enough research has been conducted in this area. The study conducted by Hilton and Jepson (2012), noted the importance of youth workers who could relieve some of the fears of young people and support them when and if they are admitted to hospital. More money spent towards the youth service signifies youth workers liaising and coordinating with school nurses working together to arrange schemes, work on leaflets or have an advice line for young people to contact school nurses. Presently we have a drop in clinic once a month but with more easily accessible contact services, young people would surely use the service if it was user friendly intended especially for their age group (British Youth Council, 2012). The Strategy has recommended some valid points which can be implemented into my nursing practice as a school nurse; however there are some areas which have been demonstrated that are quite difficult to apply and facilitate without further resources and manpower to improve on the service which is presently in place for young people. Improvements have been noted and I am sure they will continue to improve while we have policy makers from different parts of the society such as the British Youth Council, who will continue to make society listen to the voice of young people.

Essay --

Introducing all readers to the implications of a multicultural society for law enforcement, inside and outside the police agency discussing the aspects of the changing population, and presents views on diversity the presence of different cultures can affect the very nature and perception of crime itself (Robert M. Shusta) Law enforcement challenges related to the growing multicultural population in the United States begins with the need for an increased understanding of the diverse populations with which law enforcement officials interact. Society incorporates a brief historical perspective on immigration. The contact between a person’s culture and a particular crime or offense this essay presents practical reasons why officers should have an understanding of the cultural backgrounds of the groups they commonly encounter. Prejudice interferes with, but can be overcome by, the professional behavior of police officers. Community based policing, along with its implications for positive relations and contact with diverse immigrant and ethnic communities. Enforcement in multicultural communities accepting diversity has always been a difficult proposition for most Americans (Miller, 2003). Typical criticisms of immigrants, now and historically, include, they don’t learn our language, they hold on to their cultures, their customs and behavior are strange, and they form cliques. Many newcomers have historically resisted Americanization; keeping to ethnic enclaves they were not usually accepted by mainstream society. Attending training in cultural diversity has become a mainstay of contemporary police professional development. Although many officers have received such training repeatedly, they often lose sight of the underlying issues that... ... will remain complicated. At a minimum, there must be a basic acceptance of diversity on the part of all criminal justice representatives as a precursor to improving interpersonal relations and contact across ethnic, cultural, and racial lines. For over 150 years, there has been a history of tension and conflict between minority and the police communities in the United States. Law enforcement enforce the law and protect all citizens regardless of race or ethnic background, yet police across the states have been repeatedly accused of targeting and harassing racial minorities, and failing to root out racist attitudes and practices within their ranks. Recent, high profile cases of beatings by police have only served to heighten concerns over the mistreatment of minorities by the police, resulting in extensive calls for major institutional and legal reforms.

Partner Abuse Essays -- essays research papers

Partner Abuse Table of Contents Introduction 1 Literary review 1 Sampling 4 Data Collection 4 Data Analysis 4 Conclusion 6 Work Cited 7   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hypothesis: Do students believe that partner abuse is a problem on college campus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Domestic violence spans the range of violent encounters and includes physical assaults, sexual assaults, verbal assaults, intimidation, threats, extreme emotional or psychological neglect and even death. The hypothesis of this paper is do students believe that partner abuse is a problem on college campus. To find out this I will include a literary review, which will include theories of why it might occur and prof from other sources. Most important a survey given out to Curry college students and its results will be included. I choose this topic to educate students on the violence in dating relationships. Literary review   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Partner violence is typically defined as an act carried out with the intention of causing physical or mental pain to another person. Partner abuse is not only important as a phenomenon in itself but also because it precedes marital violence and thus may provide a link in transmission of violence. Here are some theories that may provide some reasons how partner abuse occurs and the prof that it is a problem on college campuses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On theory of dating violence is the social learning theory. This theory examines the effects of either experiencing abuse as child or witnessing abusive between one's parents. Reachers of dating violence have found that there is a history of abuse is related to later involvement in an abusive relationship for both males and females. Also, found that having been abused as a child predicted later involvement in abuse for women but not for men. Abusive men were more likely to have witnessed violence between their parents than were women in an abusive marriage. Similarly, found that although more abused wives, they still were less likely to have witnessed marital violence than had non husbands. Therefore, although a history of either witnessing or experiencing abuse seems of either witnessing or experience abuse seems prevalent between men and women in abusive relationships, the exact nature of that influence on men and women remains unclear. (Alexander, Pamela C Journal of marria... ...o abusive situations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two most important findings that support my hypothesis. The first was that 75% of the surveyed stated that yes they have seen an incident of abuse either physical or verbal on campus. The second was that 60% of the student surveyed felt it was a problem on Curry colleges campuses. It has been shown in this paper that domestic abuse in the form of partner abuse is a problem on college campuses. I feel that this topic should be researched more widely and should be dealt with. Work Cited Alexander, Pamela C. Journal of marriage and the family What is transmitted in the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  interggenerational transition of violence. 53, August 1991: p657-667 Caulfield, Marie B Journal of interpersonal violence The Assessment of dating aggression:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Empirical evaluation of the conflict tactics scale v7 n3 sep. 1992: p350-64 Deacon, James Maclean's Sexes what is ‘abuse'? v106 February /22/ 93 p54 LeJeune, Chad Journal of interpersonal violence Taking Responsibility: sex differences in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  reporting dating violence v.9 n.2 p181-94 1995

Othello Critical

Travis Gordon ELA 30-1 October 3rd, 2012 Jealousy, the universal feeling we’ve all experienced at one time or another. Whether it be the newest piece of technology that someone has that you don’t and wish you did, or that kid on the playground that had those new light up shoes that were all the rage. Jealousy is not something that can be avoided, only controlled. It sneaks up on you, like a tree root sneaks up on concrete before it breaks to the surface.In William Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello, jealousy is a key component used by many characters as a weapon that is twisted and manipulated to serve their own ends. Iago, a deceitful and manipulative snake or the ironic pseudonym â€Å"Honest Iago† uses jealousy as a way of getting what he wants without realizing nor caring about the backlash of repercussions his actions have on the people around him. ‘O, beware, my lord, of jealousy! It is the green-eyed monster, which doth mock The meat it feeds on.Th at cuckold lives in bliss Who, certain of his fate, loves not his wronger; But O, what damned minutes tells he o'er Who dotes, yet doubts–suspects, yet strongly loves! â€Å"(III,iii,) He refers to jealousy as a â€Å"green-eyed monster†, because it is a scary thing to behold when it gets out of hand. Once it is unleashed, it is not easily contained. Once he contaminates Othello’s mind with the thoughts of Desdemona being unfaithful to him, and sneaking around behind his back with his lieutenant Cassio, it spreads like a wildfire inside Othello’s head.He begins to doubt himself. Although he knows in his heart Desdemona to be true to him, he can’t help but think about the false accusations Iago has impregnated his mind with. Another character Iago manages to control with the raw power of jealousy is Roderigo. Iago manages to convince Roderigo that if he puts â€Å"money in thy purse†, Iago will make it so Roderigo can be together with Desdem ona. This is a clear example of how easy it is to control a person once you give them a false hope of something that could never be. What should I do? I confess it is my shame to be so fond; but it is not in my virtue to amend it. † (I,iii,317-318) Roderigo admits to Iago that he is overcome with jealousy for Desdemona, but it isn’t within his character to change the way he feels towards her. Iago sees an opportunity to make a profit from Roderigo’s misfortunes and sets him on a mad quest to be with the woman he loves. The idea’s Iago plants into Roderigo, once they are rooted deep inside him, start to teem like weeds in an unkempt garden.It is a dream that in the end costs Rodrigo more than just his wealth. He pays the iron price, with his life. Jealousy, when set upon a person who has already harboured inside them, it spreads. Once it spreads, it is no easy task to eliminate or control. We see this in Othello, as it costs many of the characters their liv es, because of a feeling false hope and manipulation, in the hope that what they wanted would be theirs.

Should Parents Physically Discipline Their Children

Jamie Dukes Dr. Early English 104 April 13, 2009 Should Parents Physically Discipline Their Children? Should parents physically discipline their child for doing something wrong? I say yes! I think physically discipline one’s child will correct behavior problems, improve grades, and help them to become well mannered; but I am going to let the Bible’s point of view answer this question. The history of the Bible says, â€Å"Foolishness is bound in the heart of a child, but the rod of correction shall drive if far from him† (Proverbs 22:15). The Hebrew word for â€Å"foolishness† does not speak of â€Å"playful mischief. † It speaks of â€Å"an inability to discern what is good. † Children (with their limited knowledge and experience) are not able to discern what is best for them. For example, a two year old may want ice cream for breakfast, because he has no understanding of balanced nutrition. Small children need to be told what to do, and not asked if they want to do it. And then, as they increase in years an experience, gradually, they should be allowed to make more and more decisions on their own. (DeVitio 69. 4) According to my research I found at least six Bible verses that included discipline, but to name a few. He that spareth his rod hateth his son: but he that loveth him chasteneth him betimes (Proverbs 13:24) Withhold no correction from the child: for if thou beatest him with the rod, he shall die. (Proverbs 22:13) Thou shalt beat him with the rod, and shalt deliver his soul from hell. (Proverbs 23:14) and the last Bible verse I could find had the same qualities of disciplining a child; the rod and reproof give wisdom: but a child to himself bringeth his mother to shame. Proverbs 29:15) It can be argued that most conservative Protestants believe that the Bible is completely accurate and inerrant-free. The passages in Proverbs probably accurately and precisely portray Solomon’s parenting style (Was a man in the Bible). As an adult, Solomon’s son Rehoboam, was viscious, unfeeling, insiderate to his subjects, had no regard for human rights, and was widely hated. He barely es caped assassination at the hands of his own people (â€Å"Child† 13). Perhaps the Bible’s true message here is: These points of view are from the Bible, but I wanted to know the point of view from others as in every day people who walk around with their kids to supermarkets or stores, so I decided to conduct some research to see if people obey or abide by the rules of the Bible. For my field observation, I visited three places; Bi-Lo, a High school basketball game, and in Sumter, SC. February 6, 2009 Time: 6:30 P. M – 9:00 P. M. I went to basketball game and found myself talking to other people. The lady told me, â€Å"that she beats her children because they are acting the fool and she knows that if she beats them, they will act better. † The lady also knows that beating them at their age now will prevent them from being disobedient and troublemakers. I asked a very old man who has adult children now, and I asked him about would he be beat his granddaughter. He told me â€Å"yea†¦because if she actin’ she going to get punished for it. † Friday, February 7, 2009 Time: 10:00 A. M – 11:00 A. M. At Bi-Lo I was walking around to see who was in the store. Then I browsed some of the food. I saw the little boy and without his mother; I was wondering was the little boy with someone, but I didn’t know who to ask. So a few a minutes later his mother came up to her son with an expression on her face as if it were say,†utter disappointment. The boy’s mother told him when she gets home she was going to get him!. So right before the lady left with her son, I asked, does she physically beat her son? She was like yea! I’m gonna beat his tail† I asked her why? And she said, he was actin act up. † February 9, 2009 (Time: 2:00 P. M – 4:00). When I came back to school on the weekend after spring break, I visited the Sumter Mall. And since I was here I thought I could use this mall as part of my experience. First I visited the ToysRus in Sumter. This was kind of interesting environment where lots of children were running around begging their parents, they want one or the other toy, and the parents are constantly telling the child no. this causes some of the children to want to rebel l from their parents and act up. I found this kid playing a demo video game in the console games department, and he was enjoying himself until his mother called him. He didn’t seem to want to move, so he figured he could play just a little bit longer. His mother called him again. The boy still didn’t move so the mother walked real fast to the boy and grabbed his ear. She got his attention this time. I didn’t get a chance to ask the lady does she physically discipline her child but as soon as I entered the parking lot, I was shocked because this lady was whipping her son like there was no tomorrow! Based on the observations, I believe that discipline one’s child will correct behavior even if it’s just for a little while. The main goal as a parent or guardian is to want their child to behave accordingly, and if you know that physically beating for that reason is fine. But one must not over step their boundaries, physically discipline can also lead to child abuse (Neifert 14. 6). These things can get tide up in the law and you may be just battling for your child. When you discipline your child you should let your child know, then till them if they do it they do it again, the same discipline will be taken. Telling one’s child they will do it means that they will do it means that as parents they need to keep their word just as the Bible said! I interviewed two persons. The first person was Sentoria Felder. I think she is a good candidate for this interview because I think she’s a Christian at heart with a firm belief in the Bible. So I asked her a series of four questions to answer. Question #1: Do you think children should be physically disciplined? Why or why not? She answered yes, because it shows how much you care about the child. It’s sort of like a wakeup call. Question #2: How effective do you think disciplining a child can be? She answered, It can be very effective and it should be because it can prevent the child from being on a dangerous path. Question #3: What age do you think it should start? Why or why not? She answered, When they are old enough to start walking and getting into things. Question #4: What age should it stop? Why or why not? She answered, As long as the children are still in the parents care or house. The second and last person I interviewed on campus is Richard Jones. I chose Richard because I felt as if he doesn’t have that many standards or as in a way to discipline a child so he agreed that I would interview him. I told him to say what was on his mind. I asked Richard the same series of questions I asked Sentoria. Question #1: Do you think children should be physically disciplined? Why or why not? He answered, Yes, because when you show a child discipline, they know that you mean business and therefore they will give you respect. Question #2: How effective do you think disciplining a child can be? He answer, It can be very effective because if you discipline them for doing something bad, they’ll know not to repeat the same thing next time. Question #3: What age do you think it should start? Why or why not? He answered, When a baby is able to move on their ass. (Meaning when they crawl, they play with things that are harmful). Question #4: What age should it stop? Why or why not? He answered, When they out more, because then they’ll have to deal with the real world consequences. For the interview, I think that was successful. I also had conducted surveys to 33 people, who were on campus. This is my analysis of the surveys. For Question #1, out of a possible 33 people; 29 said that children should be physically disciplined. The remaining persons said that children should not be physically disciplined for that there are other disciplinary methods. Based on this information I can conclude that many children receive discipline, but it doesn’t have to physical. For Question #2, out of a possible 33 people; (a whopping 100 percent) said that disciplining a child can be very effective. I can conclude that disciplining can be a tool to help children, but it must be enforced by the parent or guardian. For Question #3, out of a possible 33 people; 16 people said that there is no real starting age for a child to be disciplined. The remaining persons said that discipline comes at about 3 years of age. I can conclude that disciplinary action comes when the child has done something wrong for the parent to discipline them. For Question #4, out of a possible 33 people; 20 people said that being physically disciplined should stop at the age of about 18 years of age. The remaining persons said that the age a parent should stop disciplining a child is when children are mature and grown. Therefore they are independent with their own responsibilities. I can conclude that children should stop being physically disciplined when they know right from wrong and they do not engage in wrongful activities or anything that would cause them to be physically disciplined. In conclusion, it is with this information that has been given that I feel that physical discipline should be used. Physical discipline instills a sense of what’s right and wrong and it prevents in most cases, children from continuing to commit wrongful acts. There was a time in my life where I physically disciplined and now that I am older, I understand the concept of physical discipline and the effect it had on me and the effect it has on children that is implemented on. The Bible is the longest existing book in history that also has truth to it and I know that the Bible has the answer to every problem that anyone has. I think physically discipline one’s child will correct behavior problems, improve grades, and help them to become well mannered, productive citizens. This is why I think children should physically disciplined. Works Cited â€Å"Child Corporal Punishments: Spanking:†What is The Rod? † â€Å"Mentioned in Proverbs† Google 2009. Feb. 2007http://www. religioustolerance. org/spanking13. htm Di Vito, Robert A. Biblical Theology: Issues, Methods, and Themes. (Book Review). Theological Studies 69. 4 (Dec 2008): 922(2). General One File. Gale. Morris College. 1 Mar. 2009 Felder, Sentoria. Personal Interview. 6 Mar. 2009. Jones, Richard. Personal Interview. 12 Mar. 2009 Neifert, Marianne. â€Å"No More Disciplines Traps. †Parenting 14. 6 (August 2000): 88(4). General OneFile. Gale. Morris College. 6 Mar. 2009. Proverbs: 19-23: 33-36. Holy Bible. KJV.

Curfew Violation Essay

Curfew laws vary from state to state or city to city. Teen laws in the state of Georgia often say that any child under the age of 18 can not be out past a certain time. Then again this law varies between the cities of Georgia. Curfew laws are set to help decrease the juvenile crime rates in the start of Georgia. These laws are also out to save minors from criminals. Certain fines and charges can be held against any teens that break this law. I have learned from experience that I will not break this law again. I understand that teens want to be out late because its summer and want to hang out with friends but you cant be out roaming the town without adult supervision unless you’re above the age of 18. Most people don’t see what the big deal of being out late because they don’t seem to be doing anything wrong but they are still breaking a law. Violating curfew laws can have a variety of possible outcomes. Juveniles often get a fine or ticket depending on how the police want to deal with it. Other outcomes are that you have to be on a watch by local authorities. Even though curfew isn’t really that big of a deal it is still a law that we have to abide by with no questions asked. Police departments handle the situation sometimes based on past violations or might let you off with a warning. To save yourself from violating this law, just make sure you are inside of a place or out of harms way. The reason behind this law is to keep minors safe. There are criminals out in the world to hurt minors and this law helps keep them safe. Teens that are out past curfew are in danger of getting into even more trouble besides violating the law for curfew. Curfew laws apply to certain people that can not be out past a certain time. It is important that

Portfolio Assessment

Portfolio assessment is a multi-faceted process characterized by the following recurrent qualities: * It is continuous and ongoing, providing both formative (i. e. , ongoing) and summative (i. e. , culminating) opportunities for monitoring students' progress toward achieving essential outcomes. * It is multidimensional, i. e. , reflecting a wide variety of artifacts and processes reflecting various aspects of students' learning process(es). It provides for collaborative reflection, including ways for students to reflect about their own thinking processes and metacognitive introspection as they monitor their own comprehension, reflect upon their approaches to problem-solving and decision-making, and observe their emerging understanding of subjects and skills. * They clearly reflect stated learner outcomes identified in the core or essential curriculum that students are expected to study. * They focus upon students' performance-based learning experiences as well as their acquisition of key knowledge, skills, and attitudes. They contain samples of work that stretch over an entire marking period, rather than single points in time. * They contain works that represent a variety of different assessment tools. * They contain a variety of work samples and evaluations of that work by the student, peers, and teachers, possible even parents' reactions. Source: Paul S. George, (1995). What Is Portfolio Assessment Really and How Can I Use It in My Classroom? Gainesville, FL: Teacher Education Resources. Purposes of the Portfolio The Professional Portfolio we describe at PortfolioMaker. a differs from others you may see elsewhere in that it includes the following two main purposes: * To demonstrate your professional knowledge and skill in what some people call teaching ‘competencies' and which we call ‘Dimensions of Teaching'. * To emphasize your reflections on your entries. Your reflections will prove to be an integral part of the whole portfolio process because without them, the portfolio remains merely a scrapbook, a collection of information — not a portfolio. Our philosophy of the Professional Portfolio builds on the work of Donald Schon (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. Basic Books. * To illustrate your knowledge and skills in interviews or job appraisals. * To make your teaching visible so that you can: * Ensure that your teaching includes practices that reflect the reasons that you chose this profession. * Reflect on your practice and establish learning goals and/or targets. * Reflect on your practice to determine the extent to which you have achieved these goals and/or targets. * Ensure that your teaching reflects your beliefs about what good teaching should be * And, to celebrate your professionalism. Different Types of Portfolios * Documentation Portfolio: This type is also know as the â€Å"working† portfolio. Specifically, this approach involves a collection of work over time showing growth and improvement reflecting students' learning of identified outcomes. The documentation portfolio can include everything from brainstorming activities to drafts to finished products. The collection becomes meaningful when specific items are selected out to focus on particular educational experiences or goals. It can include the bet and weakest of student work. Process Portfolio: This approach documents all facets or phases of the learning process. They are particularly useful in documenting students' overall learning process. It can show how students integrate specific knowledge or skills and progress towards both basic and advanced mastery. Additionally, the process portfolio inevitably emphasizes students' reflection upon their learning process, including the use of reflective journals, think logs, and related forms of metacognitive processing. * Showcase Portfolio: This type of portfolio is best used for summative evaluation of students' mastery of key curriculum outcomes. It should include students' very best work, determined through a combination of student and teacher selection. Only completed work should be included. In addition, this type of portfolio is especially compatible with audio-visual artifact development, including photographs, videotapes, and electronic records of students' completed work. The showcase portfolio should also include written analysis and reflections by the student upon the decision-making process(es) used to determine which works are included.

Basketball Essay Research Paper BasketballBasketball is a

Basketball Essay, Research Paper Basketball Basketball is a great game that is one of the most popular in America. In this athletics you have to hold good purpose to hit, good jumping accomplishments to bounce, you have to be speedy, and besides have good ball managing accomplishments. In a existent game there are merely five participants on the tribunal, referees, foul outs, and regulations like no running with the ball, no fouling, out of bounds and no running over the other squads participants on discourtesy. I truly bask playing this game and I pattern a batch outside on my tribunal and drama for P.A.L in the winter. I think I am a pretty good participant and dream of playing for the NBA one twenty-four hours. Following twelvemonth I # 8217 ; m traveling to drama varsity for our school alternatively of wrestle and seek my best to assist the squad win. If I try truly difficult and pattern everyday I could be an highly good participant. I normally play with my friends after school for merriment or merely to drama about and hold a good clip, pattern on my ain to pattern things I need work on, or pattern with my pa and allow him give me some arrows. I love watching hoops games on Television and normally watch the Knicks drama. Out of all of the 28 squads in the NBA my favourite squads from best to least favourites are the New York Knicks with Patrick Ewing, Larry Johnson, John Starks, Charlie Ward, Chris Childs, Charles Oakly, and Allen Houston. Then I like the Charlotte Hornets with Anthony Mason, Tyrone Bouges, Glenn Rice, Gladie Divac, and Curry. My 3rd favourite squad is the Seattle Super Sonics with Shawn Kemp, Gary Payton, Schremph, and Perdue. My 4th and concluding favourite squad is the Orlando Magic with my favourite participant Anfernee Hardaway, Horris Grant, and Nick Anderson. My three favourite participants in the NBA are: 1 ) Anfernee Hardaway/ moniker: # 8220 ; Penny # 8221 ; 2 ) Larry Johnson/nickname: # 8220 ; Grandma # 8221 ; 3 ) Shawn Kemp/nickname: # 8220 ; Rainman # 8221 ; These participants have a batch of endowment and I enjoy watching them drama. For case Anfernee is a leader for the squad and has good base on ballss, good dribble, and good shot accomplishments. While Larry Johnson has good rebounding, reasonably good shot, and good dunking accomplishments. Last but non least Shawn Kemp who has great rebounding and dramatic dunking accomplishments including fancy stuff shots and great allyoops. I think hoops is a great athletics and that it will go on to be popular athletics for a really really long clip and that many states will play. As long as you try and pattern you can be a great participant and rule the tribunal. It besides helps if you # 8217 ; re large so you can acquire recoils and stuff shot but if you are smaller you can still be an first-class dribbler and shot and be a guard alternatively of the large centre in the center. To sum it all up hoops is a great athletics that uses a batch of different accomplishments so that everyone can seek to play.

Service Product Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Service Product Marketing - Essay Example To assist with process of analysing this statement, definitions of experience, services and goods are set out below. There are of course variations of the definitions available to describe experiences, services and goods. Another consideration is the relationship between experiences, services and goods plus whether each is clearly distinctive from the other especially if one considers how closely related they are to each other. Where it has been considered relevant political or economic backgrounds have been included to give this work greater depth. Experiences are what people have felt or feel when they use goods and services providing the basis for future purchases and behaviour. Providing good experiences can be the key to commercial success. People can buy goods and services because they want to do so or because they have to. The portrayal that some goods and services can provide certain kinds of experiences can make people think need rather than just want goods and services (Ison, 2000, p.48). Economists used to concentrate almost exclusively on the economic experiences of companies and manufacturers rather than the experiences of the consumers of services and goods. It was generally believed that the experiences of companies were distinct from any services and goods that they offered. However the economic experiences of firms should be analysed to make the delivery of services and goods more effective and cheaper to provide. The link between using experiences to lower costs and pass on the savings to customers in the form of lower prices was appreciated by aircraft and car makers during the 1920s, and if Henry Ford’s adoption of mass production method is taken into account earlier than that. In other words it is a different slant on the theories relating to economies of scale (Schnaars, 1998, p. 45). More recently economists, market researchers and

Historical religon art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Historical religon art - Essay Example This paper therefore provides an understanding on how faith, worship and theological ideas are represented through the mediums of art and religious architecture. In recent times, faith evangelism has been transformed into music. This is whereby individuals use music to propagate their faith to other individuals. For example, people produce music with biblical messages to break the monotony of written literature. In this regard, individuals are able to understand the message in a humane approach. Conversely, faith representation through art is restrained to representation of superior beings thanks to the sin of blasphemy. The Catholic Church, for example, has come under criticism over the representation of Jesus on the cross in their churches raising the question of idolatry. This therefore puts limitations to the way in which faithful worship. In a Christian view, one of the Ten Commandments abhors individuals from making any graven image that depicts God. This is mind, it is essential that art does not step on the ideological and perceptions of doctrines in the church. Nevertheless, use of art to propagate various faiths is critical. This is because most people across the world prefer art to written literature (Short 45). Although as earlier stated, art should be limited to the tenets of church’s regulations. Faith and theological ideas are presented through songs and dances that are forms of art. This is through church performances whereby use biblical verses to come up with sweet music. Moreover, other forms of art include drawings either in books on the streets. The drawings serve as recipes for the proliferation of the gospel. For instance, individuals use drawings to pass a message about the life and times of Jesus. This provides a historical approach to the gospel. Drawings kill the monotony of listening in a church congregation. Moreover, drawings as forms of visual arts are applied across the streets thus are reach-effective implying